Sicamous creek silvicultural systems research project

Ecology of high elevation forests in the southern interior

Effects of silvicultural system on

• Microclimate
• Soil and soil organisms
• Coarse woody debris
• Tree regeneration and growth
• Arboreal lichens
• Vegetation
• Sporocarps
• Ground arthropods
• Songbirds, woodpeckers, spruce grouse
• Small mammals
• Watershed processes
• Windthrow
• Insects
• Harvesting costs

• Engelmann spruce
• Subalpine fir

• Single tree selection – 33% removal
• Group Selection – 0.1, 1.0 ha
• Patch cut - 10.0 ha 
• Control – no removal

• Logged – winter 94/95
• Site prep (1995) 
• No site prep
• MSP – scalping
• MSP - Mounding
• Burning
• Planted – summer (1996)

• Huggard, D.J. and A. Vyse. 2002. Comparing clearcutting and alternatives in a high-elevation forest: early results from Sicamous Creek (PDF, 389KB). B.C. Min. For. Range, Res. Br., Victoria, B.C. Exten. Note EN63.
• C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors) 1997. Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. B.C. Min. For. Range, Res. Br., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 24.
• Vyse, A. and D. Huggard. 2006. Progress at the Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems research project 1992–2006.

• General info
• Trial establishment info

• Vyse, A. 1997. The Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project: how the project came to be and what it aims to accomplish. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., 24–25 Apr. 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. No. 24, pp. 4–14.
• Puttonen, P. and Murphy, B. 1997. Developing silvicultural systems for sustainable forestry in British Columbia. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., 24–25 Apr. 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. No. 24, pp. 1–3.
• Klenner, W. and A. Vyse. 1999. Interdisciplinary research approaches to address complex forest management issues. For. Chron. 75(3): 473–476.
• Vyse, A. 1999. Is everything all right up there? A long term interdisciplinary silvicultural systems project in a high elevation fir–spruce forest at Sicamous Creek B.C. For. Chron. 75:467–472.

• Huggard, D.J., W. Klenner, and A. Vyse. 1999. Windthrow following four harvest treatments in an Engelmann spruce – subalpine fir forest in southern interior British Columbia, Canada. Can. J. For. Res. 29:1547–1556.
• Moore, J.R., S.J. Mitchell, D.A. Maguire, and C.P. Quine. 2003. Wind damage in alternative silvicultural systems: review and synthesis of previous studies. In: Wind effects on trees. Int. Conf., Sept. 16–18, 2003. B. Ruck, C. Kottmeier, C. Mattheck, C. Quine, and G. Wilhelm (editors). Univ. Karlsruhe, Germany, pp. 191–198.
• Vyse, A., C. Ferguson, and D.J. Huggard. 2008. Wind and snow damage nine years following four harvest treatments in a subalpine fir – Engelmann spruce forest at Sicamous Creek in southern interior British Columbia, Canada. For. Chron. 84:401–409.
• Phaneuf, T.J., P.L. Jackson, Y.-Q. Wang, and M.D. Novak. 2004. Two and three dimensional numerical airflow modeling along forest edges. 26th Conf. Agric. For. Meteorol., Aug. 22–26, 2004, Vancouver, B.C.

• Dickinson, T. and E. Leupin. 1997. The effects of alternative silvicultural practices on the songbird communities at Sicamous Creek and in other Engelmann spruce – subalpine fir forests in Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 254–271.
• Leupin, E.E., T.E. Dickinson, and K. Martin. 2004. Resistance of forest songbirds to habitat perforation in high-elevation conifer forests. Can. J. For. Res. 34:1919–1928.

• Small mammals
• Cavity nesting birds
• Snags

• Craig, V., W. Klenner, and T. Sullivan. 1997. Relationships between small mammals and downed wood at Sicamous Creek. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 243–253.
• Huggard, D. and W. Klenner. 1997. Terrestrial arthropod sampling at Sicamous Creek: progress report. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 24, 195–199.
• Huggard, D. and W. Klenner. 1997. Initial effects of harvesting on shrews, immature rodents and forest floor habitat at Sicamous Creek. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 200–208.
• Huggard, D. and W. Klenner. 1997. Small carnivores in winter at Sicamous Creek: a pilot study. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 209–213.
• Huggard, D. 1997. Spruce grouse distribution and habitat use at Sicamous Creek. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 214–223.
• Huggard, D.J. 1997. Fall-down rates of subalpine fir snags at Sicamous Creek: implications for worker safety and habitat supply (PDF, 275KB). B.C. Min. For., Res. Program. Exten. Note 16.
• Huggard, D.J. 1997. Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project: small carnivores in winter - habitat and landscape relationships, and the effects of silvicultural systems. B.C. Min. For., Kamloops For. Reg. Year End Tech. Rep. FR-96/97-405.
• Huggard, D.J. 1997. Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project: spruce grouse – habitat and landscape relationships, and the effects of silvicultural systems. B.C. Min. For., Kamloops For. Reg. Year End Tech. Rep. FR-96/97-408.
• Huggard, D.J. 1997. Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project: insectivores – habitat and landscape relationships, and the effects of silvicultural systems. B.C. Min. For., Kamloops For. Reg. Year End Tech. Rep. FR-96-97-409.
• Klenner, W. and D. Huggard. 1997. Three-toed woodpecker nesting and foraging at Sicamous Creek. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996. Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 224–233.
• Klenner, W. 1997. Effects of harvest treatments on the abundance of small mammals at Sicamous Creek. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996. Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 234–242.
• Klenner, W. 1997. Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project: mice and voles – effects of silvicultural systems, and habitat and landscape relationships. B.C. Min. For., Kamloops For. Reg. Year End Tech. Rep. FR-96/97-404.
• Klenner, W. 1997. Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project: relationships between small mammals and downed wood. B.C. Min. For., Kamloops For. Reg. Year End Tech. Rep. FR-96/97-423.
• Huggard, D.J. 1999. Marten use of different harvesting treatments in high-elevation forest at Sicamous Creek. B.C. Min. For., Res. Program, Victoria, B.C. Res. Rep. 17.
• Maydan, J.S. 1999. Fine-scale population structure of masked shrews (Sorex sinereus) in an experimentally fragmented forest. MSc thesis. Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
• Huggard, D.J., W. Klenner, and A. Vyse. 2000. Identifying and managing fauna sensitive to forest management: examples from Sicamous Creek and Opax Mountain silvicultural systems sites (PDF, 63KB). In: Proc. Conf. on the Biol. and Manag. of Species and Habitats at Risk: Volume One, 15–19 Feb.1999, Kamloops, B.C. L.M. Darling (editor). B.C. Min. Environ., Lands Parks, Victoria, B.C. and Univ. College of the Cariboo, Kamloops, B.C., pp. 235–239.
• Huggard, D.J. 2000. Developing animal-habitat models for management of high elevation forests. PhD thesis. Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
• Klenner, W. and T.P. Sullivan. 2003. Partial and clear-cut harvesting of high-elevation spruce-fir forests: implications for small mammal communities. Can. J. For. Res. 33:2283–2296.
• Huggard, D.J. 2003. Use of habitat features, edges and harvest treatments by spruce grouse in subalpine forest. For. Ecol. Manag. 175(1–3):531–544.
• Huggard, D.J. and W. Klenner. 2003. Grylloblatids in managed forests of south-central British Columbia. N.W. Sci. 77(1):12–18.
• Huggard, D.J. 2004. Baseline datasets for evaluating wildlife tree patches. FRPA Resource Eval. Program, B.C. Min. For., B.C. Min. Sustainable Resource Manag., and B.C. Min. Water, Land Air Prot., Victoria, B.C. FREP Rep. 1.
• Craig, V.J., W. Klenner, M.C. Feller, and T.P. Sullivan. 2006. Relationships between deer mice and downed wood in managed forests of southern British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 36:2189–2203.

• Yanai, R.D., S.V. Stehman, M.A. Arthur, C.E. Prescott, A.J. Friedland, T.G. Siccama, and D. Binkley. 2003. Detecting change in forest floor carbon. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67:1583–1593.

• Soil productivity, nutrient dynamics, organic matter
• Fine root biomass

• Feller, M. 1997. Influence of forest harvesting on nutrient status of ESSFwc2 ecosystems. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 121–133.
• Hope, G. 1997. Effects of silvicultural systems on soil productivity. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 86–91.
• Prescott, C.E. and G. Hope. 1997. Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems trial: litter input, decomposition, and nitrogen mineralization. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 92–100.
• Hope, G., R.S. Adams, D.M. Durall, G. Hunt, K. Johnson, M.D. Jones, H. Nadel, C.E. Prescott, D. Sachs, and S.E. Welke. 1998. Impacts of opening size on soil ecology and nutrient cycling in a high elevation, British Columbia forest. In: Ecology and management of northern forest soils. June 13–18, 1998, Prince George, B.C. J.D. Lousier (editor). Madrone Consultants Ltd., pp. 223.
• Prescott, C.E., L.L. Blevins, and C.L. Staley. 2000. Effects of clear-cutting on decomposition rates of litter and forest floor in forests of British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 30:1751–1757.
• Hope, G. 2001. The soil ecosystem of an ESSF forest and its response to a range of harvesting disturbances. B.C. Min. For. Exten. Note 53.
• Hannam, K.D. 2002. Does clear-cutting affect the quantity of soluble organic nitrogen in forest soil? MSc thesis. Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, B,C. 
• Hannam, K.D. and C.E. Prescott. 2003. Soluble organic nitrogen in forests and adjacent clear-cuts in British Columbia, Canada. Can. J. For. Res. 33:1709–1718.
• Prescott, C.E., G.D. Hope, and L.L. Blevins. 2003. Effect of gap size on litter decomposition and soil nitrate concentrations in a high-elevation spruce–fir forest. Can. J. For. Res. 33:2210–2220.
• Prescott, C.E., L.L. Blevins, and C.L. Staley. 2000. Effects of clear-cutting on decomposition rates of litter and forest floor in forests of British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 30:1751–1757.
• Welke. S.E., G.D. Hope, and G.A. Hunt. 2003. Effects of harvesting on fine root biomass and decomposition in an Engelmann spruce–subalpine fir forest. Can. J. For. Res. 33:847–853.
• Grenon, F., R.L. Bradley, G. Joanisse, B.D. Titus, and C.E. Prescott. 2004. Mineral N availability for conifer growth following clearcutting: responsive versus non-responsive ecosystems. For. Ecol. Manag. 188(1–3):305–316.
• Grenon, F., R.L. Bradley, and B.D. Titus. 2004. Temperature sensitivity of mineral N transformation rates, and heterotrophic nitrification: possible factors controlling the post-disturbance mineral N flush in forest floors. Soil Biol. Biochem. 36(9):1465–1474.
• Grenon, F., R.L. Bradley, M.D. Jones, B. Shipley, and H. Peat. 2005. Soil factors controlling mineral N uptake by Picea engelmannii seedlings: the importance of gross NH4+ production rates. New Phytologist 165(3):791–800.
• Redding, T.E., G.D. Hope, M.G. Schmidt, and M.-J. Fortin. 2004. Analytical methods for defining stand-clearcut edge effects demonstrated for N mineralization. Can. J. For. Res. 34:1018–1024.
• Prescott, C.E. 2005. Do rates of litter decomposition tell us anything we really need to know? For. Ecol. Manag. 220:66–74.
• Hope, GD. 2009. Clearcut harvesting effects on soil and creek inorganic nitrogen in high elevation forests of the southern interior British Columbia. Can. J. Soil Sci. 89:35–44.

• Hope, G. n.d. Of mites and men and springtails: a study of soil microarthropods in the Sicamous Creek alternative silvicultural systems project. B.C. Min. For., Kamloops For. Reg. Brochure.
• Nadel, H. 1997. Effects of clearcutting on soil mites and springtails in the subalpine forest of Sicamous Creek. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 110–120.
• Berch, S.M., J.P. Battigelli, and G. Hope. 2007. Responses of soil mesofauna communities and oribatid mite species to site preparation treatments in high-elevation cutblocks in southern British Columbia. Pedobiologia 51(1):23–32.

• Jones, M.D. and D.M. Durall. 1997. Effects of several silvicultural systems on ectomycorrhizal diversity and hypogeous sporocarp biomass in the Engelmann Spruce – Subalpine Fir zone: preliminary results. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 101–109.
• Hagerman, S.M., M.D. Jones, G.E. Bradfield, and S.M. Sakakibara. 1999. Ectomycorrhizal colonization of Picea engelmannii × Picea glauca seedlings planted across cut blocks of different sizes. Can. J. For. Res. 29:1856–1870.
• Hagerman, S.M., M.D. Jones, G.E. Bradfield, M. Gillespie, and D.M. Durall. 1999. Effects of clear-cut logging on the diversity and persistence of ectomycorrhizae at a subalpine forest. Can. J. For. Res. 29(1):124–134.
• Jones, M.D. 1999. Sicamous Creek silvicultural system project – the effect of cutblock size on fungal diversity at Sicamous Creek. Annu. Rep. SCBC FR-96/97-414 FRBC T096094-RE.
  Swift, K.I., M.D. Jones, and S. Hagerman. 2000. An initial look at mycorrhizal fungi and inoculum potential in high elevation forests. B.C. J. Ecosys. Manag. 1(1): 1–6.
• Jones, M.D., S.M. Hagermand, and M. Gillespie. 2002. Ectomycorrhizal colonization and richness of previously colonized, containerized Picea engelmannii does not vary across clearcuts when planted in mechanically site-prepared mounds. Can. J. For. Res. 32:1425–1433.
• Wiensczyk, A.M., S. Gamiet, D.M. Durall, M.D Jones, and S.W. Simard. 2002. Ectomycorrhizae and forestry in British Columbia: a summary of current research and conservation strategies. B.C. J. Ecosys. Manag. 2(1):1–20.
• Jones, M.D., D.M. Durall, and J.W.G. Cairney. 2003. Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in young forest stands regenerating after clearcut logging. New Phytologist 157:399–422.
• Jones, M.D., F. Grenon, H. Peat, M. Fitzgerald, L. Holt, L.J. Philip, and R. Bradley. 2009. Differences in 15N uptake amongst spruce seedlings colonized by three pioneer ectomycorrhizal fungi in the field. Fungal Ecol. 2(5):110–120.

• Novak, M., A. Orchansky, R. Adams, W. Chen, and R. Ketler. 1997. Wind and temperature regimes in the B-5 clearing at the Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems research area: preliminary results from 1995. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 45–56.
• Novak, M., A. Orchansky, R. Adams, W. Chen, and R. Ketler. 1995. Wind and temperature regimes in the B-5 Clearing at the Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems research area: preliminary results from 1995. Res. Rep.
• Adams, R. 1997.The microclimate of forest edges. In: Ecosystem dynamics and silviculture systems in interior wet-belt ESSF and ICH forests. Workshop Proc., June 10–12, 1997. M. Jull, D. Coxson, S.K. Stevenson, D. Lousier, and M. Walters (editors). Univ. North. British Columbia, Prince George, B.C., pp. 49–51.
• Huggard, D.J. and A. Vyse. 2002. Edge effects in high-elevation forests at Sicamous Creek. B.C. Min. For., Kamloops For. Reg. Exten. Note. 62.
• Spittlehouse, D.L., R.S. Adams, and R.D. Winkler. 2004. Forest, edge, and opening microclimate at Sicamous Creek. B.C. Min. For. Res. Rep. 24.

• Water dynamics
• Snow accumulation and melt

• Heise, B. 1997. The use of artificial substrates to measure effects of timber harvesting and road construction on stream invertebrates in the Sicamous Creek watershed: preliminary report. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br., Work. Pap. 24, pp. 272–283.
• Dobson Engineering. 2001. Assessment of water quality in the Sicamous Creek community watershed. Prepared for B.C. Min. Environ., Lands Parks, South. Interior Reg.
• Redding, T.E., G.D. Hope, M.-J. Fortin, M.G. Schmidt, and W.G. Bailey. 2003. Spatial patterns of soil temperature and moisture across subalpine forest-clearcut edges in the southern interior of British Columbia. Can. J. Soil Sci. 83(1):121–130. 

• Regeneration
• Microsite selection
• Advanced regeneration

• Brang, P. 1997. Ecological niches of seedling establishment in high-elevation forests. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 144–153.
• Feller, M. 1997. Regeneration of Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir from seed in ESSFwc2 forests. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 154–169.
• Puttonen, P., J. Kaipainen, and A. Vyse. 1997. Advanced regeneration in Engelmann spruce–subalpine fir forests. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 174–186.
• Zhong, J.W. and B.J. van der Kamp. 1997. Pathology of conifer seed and seedlings on natural and disturbed forest floors in the Engelmann Spruce – Subalpine Fir zone. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 170–173.
• Zhong, J.W. and B.J. van der Kamp. 1999. Pathology of conifer seed and timing of germination in high-elevation subalpine fir and Engelmann spruce forests of the southern interior of British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 29:187–193.
• Feller, M.C. 1998. Influence of ecological conditions on Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) germinant survival and initial seedling growth in south-central British Columbia. For. Ecol. Manag. 107(1–3):55–69.
• Kraft, D.N. 2000. Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir seed dispersal in the ESSF wet cold subzone. MSc thesis. Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
• Huggard, D.J. and A. Vyse. 2003. Site preparation alternatives in the wet, cold ESSF: results from Sicamous Creek. B.C. Min. For., South. Interior Reg. Exten. Note. 65.
• Vyse, A. 1999. Is regeneration at high elevation really so tough? Some answers from Sicamous Creek. B.C. Min. For., Kamloops Reg., Res. Group. Notes.
• Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada. 2003. Regeneration issues in partial cutting. In: Regeneration issues in partial cutting. E. Stjernberg and J. Mitchell (editors). Prince George, B.C. 
• Parish, R. and J.A. Antos. 2005. Advanced regeneration and seedling establishment in small cutblocks in high-elevation spruce–fir forest at Sicamous Creek, southern British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 35:1877–1888.
• Brang, P., J. Moran, P. Puttonen, and A. Vyse. 2003. Regeneration of Picea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa in high-elevation forests of south-central British Columbia depends on nurse logs. For. Chron. 79:273–279.
• Lajzerowicz, C., A. Vyse, M. Jull, and T. Newsome. 2006. Performance of planted Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir seedlings in British Columbia’s southern mountains. For. Chron. 82:84–94.
• Mckinnon, L.M., A.K. Mitchell, and A. Vyse. 2002. The effects of soil temperature and site preparation on subalpine and boreal tree species: a bibliography. Nat. Resources Can., Can. For. Serv., Pac. For. Cent., Inf. Rep. BC-X-394.
• McKinnon, L.M. and A.K. Mitchell. 2003. Photoprotection, not increased growth, characterizes the response of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) seedlings to high light, even when resources are plentiful. New Phytologist 1:69–79.

• Antos, J.A., R. Parish, and G. Nigh. 2008. Growth patterns prior to mortality of mature Abies lasiocarpa in old-growth sub-alpine forests of southern British Columba. For. Ecol. Manag. 255(5–6):1568–1574.

• Vegetation responses
• Forest structure

• Parish, R. 1997. Age and size structure of the forest at Sicamous Creek. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br. Work. Pap. No. 24, pp. 16–31.
• Lloyd, D., K. Yearsley, and A. Arsenault. 1997. Spatial and temporal response of vegetation to silvicultural treatments in ESSF forests at Sicamous Creek. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 57–66.
• Lloyd, D. and A. Inselberg. 1997. Ecosystem mapping for the Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems research site. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 79–85.
• Parish, R. 1997. How the Sicamous Creek forest developed and what it means for current practices. In: Silvicultural systems workshop, Nov. 4–6, 1997, Richmond, B.C. For. Renewal B.C., B.C. For. Contin. Stud. Netw.
• Parish, R., J.A. Antos, and M.-J. Fortin. 1999. Stand development in an old-growth subalpine forest in southern interior British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 29:1347–1356.
• Huggard, D.J. 1999. Static life-table analysis of fall rates of subalpine fir snags. Ecol. Appl. 9(3):1009–1016.
• Parish, R., J.A. Antos, and R. Hebda. 1999. Tree ring patterns in an old-growth, subalpine forest in southern interior British Columbia. In: Tree ring analysis – biological, methodological and environmental aspects. R. Wimmer and R. Vetter (editors). CAB Int., Wallingford, U.K., pp. 231–248.
• Antos, J.A., R. Parish, and K. Conley. 2000. Age structure and growth of the tree-seedling bank in subalpine spruce–fir forests of south-central British Columbia. Am. Midland Naturalist 143:342–354.
• Antos, J.A. and R. Parish. 2002. Structure and dynamics of a nearly steady-state subalpine forest in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Oecologia 130:126–135.
• Antos, J.A. and R. Parish 2002. Dynamics of an old-growth, fire-initiated, sub-alpine forest in southern interior British Columbia: tree size, age, and spatial structure. Can. J. For. Res. 32:1935–1946.
• Parish, R. and J.A. Antos. 2002. Dynamics of an old-growth, fire-initiated, subalpine forest in southern interior British Columbia: tree-ring reconstruction of two-year cycle spruce budworm outbreaks. Can. J. For. Res. 32:1947–1960.
• Kopra, K. and M.C. Feller. 2007. Forest fires and old-growth forest abundance in wet, cold, Engelmann spruce–subalpine fir forests of British Columbia, Canada. Nat. Areas J. 27(4):345–353.
• Antos, J.A., R. Parish, and G.D. Nigh. 2008. Growth patterns prior to mortality of mature Abies lasiocarpa in old-growth subalpine forests of southern British Columbia. For. Ecol. Manag. 255:1568–1574. 

• Merler, H. 1997. Forest pathology at Sicamous Creek. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 41–44.

• Harder, L. and L. Maclauchlan. 1997. Containment and concentration of western balsam bark beetle in patch- and partial-cut silvicultural systems. In: Sicamous Creek silvicultural systems project. Workshop Proc., Apr. 24–25, 1996, Kamloops, B.C. C. Hollstedt and A. Vyse (editors). B.C. Min. For., Res. Br. Work. Pap. 24, pp. 32–40.
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